Foreign Policy Roles of The President and The Congress Essay Example for Free

International strategy Roles of The President and The Congress Essay As indicated by the United States Constitution, the creation of international strategy is shared by both the President and the Congress. They are supposed to be working at a cross-purposes in international strategy. Each assumes significant jobs that are unique however regularly cover. It is very inescapable to have contradictions between these official and authoritative branches. Be that as it may, these international strategy questions are quite productive or not really terrible. Now and then, this can add to helpful upgrades to international strategies. Essentially, the two branches have continuous open doors in making and adjusting international strategies, and the associations between them proceed uncertainly for the duration of the life of an approach. In any case, when the international strategy is inadequately served, the connection between the official and administrative branches gets threatening and undesirable. Having the responsibility for check and harmony between these administration branches, the Congress should pundit the organization of the President in the light that it is looking for better association with the organization taking into account better administration of the nation and, in this particular case, progress in the detailing of America international strategy. The President ordinarily reacts to recent developments in outside nations and in this manner starts U. S. strategy. Once in a while, the official branch needs to start an international strategy program that requires enactment, and in like manner proposes enactment to Congress, subsequently requiring endorsement from the last in this circumstance. Additionally, the intensity of exchange gives the official branch a predominant job in settling on international strategy through universal understandings, however the President must consider congressional sentiment on the grounds that these understandings regularly require the endorsement of the Senate or the Congress. The last additionally impact understandings by setting in enactment guidelines and perspectives concerning universal understandings, demonstrating what sort of understanding would be satisfactory. The President likewise sets up US international strategy through one-sided articulations or joint explanations with different governments. The official branch likewise sets up international strategy through enactment, keeps on forming strategy as it deciphers and applies the different arrangements of law. Every so often, the President attempts an unexpected international strategy activity before Congress is completely educated about it. The Congress at that point generally bolsters the President, however here and there it attempts to end or opposite the arrangement or pass enactment to control the President from comparative activities later on. The Congress presents numerous goals expressing the feeling of the House on international strategy, and a large number of these goals are embraced. It here and there starts an international strategy by utilizing enactment to build up another program, set goals and rules, approve and direct the official branch to embrace indicated exercises, and by reserving apportionments utilized in a predefined way. On occasion, the Congress pressures the official branch into another bearing in international strategy by taking steps to pass enactment, despite the fact that the enactment isn't instituted, or by proceeding to admonish an arrangement through numerous methods. Giving exhortation to the official branch in casual contacts is additionally a methods for the Congress to shape international strategy. Normal oversight of official branch execution of international strategy helps the Congress also in molding these approaches (Grimmet). The global understandings paying little mind to their title, assignment or structure whose passage into power as for the United States happens simply after 66% of the US Senate has offered its guidance and assent under Article II, area 2, Clause 2 of the Constitution, are settlements. Then again, worldwide understandings carried into power as for the United States on a sacred premise other than with the exhortation and assent of the Senate are global understandings other than arrangements, and are regularly alluded to as official understandings. Settlements require the assent of the Senate. The Senate, along these lines, may affirm, reject or update an arrangement. The Senate supports the vast majority of the settlements yet some are additionally dismissed. One huge model is the Treaty of Versailles. Official understandings are unquestionably more typical than settlements. They don't require the assent of the Senate, however Congress might be informed soon after an understanding is reached. In contrast to bargains, these understandings don't supplant existing sculptures. Models are the Yalta and Potsdam understandings and the Vietnam Peace understanding. In synopsis, the President or the official branch can make international strategy through reactions to remote occasions, proposition for enactment, arrangement of worldwide understandings, strategy explanations, strategy execution and autonomous activity. In addition, the Congress can make international strategy through goals and strategy explanations, authoritative mandates, administrative weight, administrative limitations/financing disavowals, casual counsel, and congressional oversight. The Congress keeps up a conclusive voice in either supporting the President’s approach or evolving it. Changing arrangements may end up being very intricate temporarily. By and large however, Congress concurs with the President, yet regularly makes critical adjustments during the time spent endorsing them. It is then imperative to take note of that the help or endorsement of both the administrative and official branch is required for a successful and very much established U. S. international strategy. Works Cited Grimmett, Richard F. International strategy Roles of the President and Congress. Remote Affairs and National Defense Division. US Department of State. 1999, June 1. http://fpc.state.gov/fpc/6172.htm.

Introduction to indigenous Australia Samples †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Examine about the Introduction to indigenous Australia. Answer: The aboriginals of Australia had been exposed to variations as far as social insurance, economy, training and joblessness. So as to address their complaints and the human services needs the medical caretakers ought to be familiar with the historical backdrop of their colonization and culture. This paper portrays about the significance of finding out about the native history in the nursing setting. In agreement to that the paper will likewise illuminate the human services convictions and the present government arrangements with respect to the native populace. The picked calling of this exposition is the medical attendants. The medical attendants and the birthing assistants looking for work in the essential social insurance might be given wide scope of capabilities, encounters and extents of training. However much human services holes are left while taking into account the necessities of the people having a place with socially assorted foundation. Nursing includes self-sufficient and communitarian care to individuals regardless of the race, case, statement of faith and networks (Macaulay, 2009). Arrangement of social insurance to the socially differing aboriginals has for quite some time been a difficult errand for the divisions of wellbeing and the medicinal services experts (Stansfield and Browne 2013). So as to give a far reaching care to the inhabitants of the Torrait Strait Islanders and the aboriginals, what is required is to comprehend their social decent variety and their conventional method of living. Medical attendants and the me dicinal services experts are qualified for give a socially protected consideration to the native network (Wilson and Cardwell 2012). The SCS130 course-Introduction to the indigenous Australia helps in investigating the social and the verifiable components that formed the lives of the aboriginals living in the pilgrim settlement and how they turned into a national issue. The course has helped us to draw in with the indigenous sources. This course serves to fundamentally investigate the primary effect of the indigenous information on the calling of nursing. The non native wellbeing cares laborers need to see how the native medicinal services experts decipher their sickness or how would they utilize their customary strategies for disease (Stansfield and Browne 2013). It is important for the medical attendants and the other medicinal services experts to see how the aboriginals react toward the westernized kinds of medications. It has been discovered that the future of the aboriginals is significantly less than that of everyone. This condition mirrors the historical backdrop of the aboriginals just as the diverse social determinants of wellbeing. As indicated by Wilson and Cardwell (2012) native people show sick wellbeing, stuffed lodging, dirtied water, destitution, deficient tutoring. So as to convey legitimate social insurance to the aboriginals one ought to comprehend the purposes for the conditions. It is comprehended that wellbeing includes physical, enthusiastic and profound prosperity (Cameron et al. 2012). So as to achieve that it is required to comprehend the multigenerational inheritances of colonization, the significance of the neighborhood history, to regard the customary convictions of wellbeing rehearses, to build up a feeling of acknowledgment towards their way of life to give a socially protected consideration (Douglas 2013). Medical caretakers need to create aptitudes in giving essential a nd intense social insurance benefits in phases of life, for example, youth, pregnancy and puberty. Medical attendants are the one to elevate a solid maturing to the native populace. Subsequently this course would assist with creating information on in regards to the indigenous wellbeing and the prosperity. It assists with comprehension the physical, organic, psychosocial factors that impact the wellbeing and the prosperity of the aboriginals. The examination assists with understanding the utilization of the hedge medication, arrangement of the customary healers among the aboriginals (Oliver 2013). Bramble meds like home grown arrangements, rest, fragrance based treatment, confined eating routine and outer cures like smoke, steam, warmth and ochre are utilized. As indicated by the Oliver (2013) the customary wellbeing convictions of the indigenous individuals are interconnected with land, religion and the sovereignty commitments. Literary works recommend that otherworldly mediations were considered as a piece of truth of the native culture. The demise of a youngster, elderly individuals were viewed as ordinary, while the other unnatural passings are considered to have a powerful impact. Oliver (2013) shows that a portion of the conventional meds truly forces some remedial properties and an information on the wellbeing convictions would help an attendant in seeing the degree of strange notion and the helpfulness of the customary prescriptions. The investigation of the native Australia in the course module will assist a medical attendant with understanding the present human services activities that has been taken to cover the wellbeing hole of the indigenous individuals. The gathering of the Australian government have set up the end the hole strategy for decreasing the future hole, the mortality among the native youngsters, shutting the hole with deference of native training and work (Pmc.gov.au, 2018). The investigation causes one to comprehend the Indigenous Au stralian's wellbeing programs with respect to the suspension of the tobacco utilization and medications to advance a solid living. The adapting likewise furnishes with the data about the NSW native wellbeing plan (Pmc.gov.au, 2018). A distinctive information on the activities and the established truth sheets would push a medical attendant to indentify the holes and the circles left in the medicinal services segment focusing the aboriginals. The native history comprises of the Indian demonstration 1876, with the occurrence of loss of land and the customary business of the aboriginals and ongoing colonization by means of negative generalizing (Anderson and Kowal 2012). According to the history, private educational system was set up by the government and the youngsters were kept in the all inclusive schools (Australianstogether.org.au, 2018). The native children were precluded to communicate in their own language and were manhandled socially, genuinely and explicitly. There was lost trust, language and the heritage. There was a pulverization of confidence, convention and dependence on the national government. Numerous grown-ups went to liquor and medications because of the obliteration of confidence and for the evacuation of the psychological injury (Anderson and Kowal 2012). So as to comprehend the view of the aboriginals of Australia it is important to have an away from of their history of colonization (Australianstogeth er.org.au, 2018). An away from of the native culture is important to adjust their treatment plans and the training programs. As per the native history, the native individuals are confronted with imbalance, prejudice and brutality from days of yore (Douglas 2013). Thus it is obvious that the greater part of the aboriginals despite everything delay to approach the non native medicinal services. A medical attendant should attempt their best to move toward a comprehensive method of moving toward the native patients so as to make a non threatening condition for them. The social and the financial effect behind the control of the native populace have for quite some time been gathered many ages. The populace who were not legitimately affected by the intrusion was additionally annoyed by the heritage abandoned (Douglas 2013). The overwhelming impacts went from ages to age. For models one during the provincial principle the aboriginals were not permitted in the open spaces, banished from inst ructive foundations, compelled to work in the homes of the non-aboriginals (Anderson and Kowal 2012). Populace dislodging, preferences, demeanor of the land has constantly frequented the native network. All these can be considered liable for their unforeseen weakness status, economy, and lodging. Convey of care to the aboriginals includes upkeep of social security and morals. The western medicinal services experts face challenges in administration conveyance to the native individuals because of the social insurance divergence between the native and the western human services convictions (Chattopadhyay and De Vries, 2013). The idea of the social security engages the attendants to give a sheltered consideration to the patients. These include insurance, investment and organization (Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies, 2018). When all is said in done the predominant social gathering takes up human services rehearses that probably won't be reasonable for the aboriginals. Social wellbeing is significant in birthing assistance practice as it includes the connection between the maternity specialist and a lady (Chattopadhyay and De Vries, 2013). It as to be recalled that a large portion of the aboriginals families are amazingly network and family arra nged. It is the obligation of a medical attendant to acknowledge all the social contrasts in the ladies and would properly react to the social desire for the lady (Gerlach 2012). Socially protected consideration puts the lady at the focal point of the birthing assistance care by deciding her needs and setting up the community oriented connections expand on trust. A socially protected consideration system incorporates joining of ideal correspondence, recognizing the social inclinations of the ladies (Gerlach 2012). For instance, native ladies may think that its hard to understand troublesome English. Consequently in such cases moderate and basic English can be utilized. Sentences can be separated into little sections for them to comprehend. As a rule unknown dialect mediators can be utilized (Gerlach 2012). It very well may be seen that much of the time people with various culture evade eye to eye connection or direct contact with the eyes can be considered as a demonstration of disr egard towards the older folks (Thackrah and Thompson, 2013). A culture may disallow the contribution of the male social insurance experts as ladies from assorted social foundation probably won't think that its agreeable in sharing the birthing data or other gynecological issues with any opposi

EA Decisions

EA Decisions In a year of record early action applications, 590 students have been admitted to the MIT Class of 2014. There were 5,684 Early Action applicants this year, representing a 13% increase over last years record. The deep applicant pool, combined with a commitment to maintaining equity between early and regular action admissions, meant that only 10.4% of applicants were admitted. An additional 3,893 applicants were deferred to regular action, where their applications will be reviewed anew. Dean of Admissions Stuart Schmill said, The continued quality and increased depth of the applicant pool both in what students are doing inside and outside the classroom is simply astounding. The selection committee had their work cut out for them. The 590 admitted students come from 44 states and 445 different high schools. First generation college students comprise 14% of the admitted group, and 27% are members of underrepresented minority groups. Women comprise 47% of the admitted students. The record number of applications can be explained by MITs mission and values, said Dean Schmill. MITs excellent financial aid program and commitment to serving students from all socioeconomic backgrounds were attractive to families in these economic times. Schmill added, In addition, students recognize the value of science technology-centered education, combined with a strong humanities program, to acquire the tools to succeed in the global economy. MITs non-binding, non-restrictive early action program allows students maximum freedom and choice. We want the process to be as helpful and accommodating to the students as possible, said Dean Schmill.

Applications of 3g Technology in the Education Sector...

Study on â€Å"Applications of 3G technology in the Education sector: Perspective Bangladesh† Name: Md. Mahbubul Haque Osmani Faculty of MSJ department, University of Liberal Arts Bangladesh. Address: 105, 4th floor, Lake Circus, Kalabagan, Dhaka. Mobile: 01716806361 E-mail: osmani.mcj.du@gmail.com Applications of 3G technology in the Education sector: Perspective Bangladesh ABSTRACT: Bangladesh recently touched a new milestone in Information and Communication Technology with the inauguration of commercial testing of Third Generation (3G) services through the state-run mobile service provider Teletalk. Teletalk will distribute 400,000 (4lacs) 3G-enabled SIMs’ for the capital Dhaka primarily. 3G is supposed to open new windows for mobile†¦show more content†¦And the total number of internet subscribers has reached 29415.693 thousand at the end of July 2012 (http://www.btrc.gov.bd). Now-a-days students all over the world are â€Å"digital natives†. They are growing up in a decidedly digital world. Digital learning educates students using the same technology they use for communication and entertainment outside of school. Also the teachers are very much engage with technology. They provide their class materials through internet. Many studies (Attewell, 2005; Murat et al, 2008) have already shown that mobile technologies have considerable potential to enhance teaching and learning across all education sectors. Their impact on student behavior, enthusiasm, motivation and progress is well documented, especially in some conventional schools in the UK (Cook et al. 2007). The National Training and Simulation Association and the U.S. Department of Education studied that, technology based instruction can reduce the time and students take to reach a learning objective by 30 to 80 percent. According to a meta- analysis and review of online learning studies by the U.S. Department of Education, on average, students in online learning conditions performed better than those receiving face-to-face instruction. (Means et al., 2009) The new technology 3G can bring a profound impact on economic landscape of Bangladesh. It can create scopes for e-learningShow MoreRelatedAn Analysis Of Data Serviceability Of Airtel Service Essay8863 Words   |  36 Pagesat the Institute of Business Administration, and even to extend my knowledge base as I worked on this study. I feel that the skills I gained in working on this project in an organizational context will be helpful to me in my career and in further education, and I am grateful to you for granting me permission to work on this project. I pledge that this report has been created for academic purposes only. 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It also discusses through a real-time example of the Pakistani Telecom sector how branding loses its edge and the price enters the equation again. 1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM The aim of this study is to explore that to what extent branding affects consumer perceptions and consumer buying behavior: A study of PakistanRead MoreCase 29 Panera Bread Company: Rising Fortunes?25159 Words   |  101 Pagesmaintaining growth in its postpaid segment. Maxis has also pioneered and led the Malaysian market in delivering innovative mobile products and services. It was the first to launch 3G services in Malaysia as known as Maxis3G in July 2005, and in September 2006, it became among the world s first to use HSDPA, a high-speed upgrade of its 3G network, to provide wireless broadband services. It was the first operator to bring the BlackBerryâ„ ¢ and Apple iPhoneâ„ ¢ smart phones to Malaysia. The company in April 2009Read MoreDtac Business Analysis38421 Words   |  154 Pagestelecommunication service 800 MHz and 1800 MHz frequency bands under a concession granted by the Communications Authority of Thailand (â€Å"CAT†). In order to promote the development of telecommunication services in Thailand, Thai government allowed the private sector to participate in telecommunication market. Under the concessions on a system called Build-Transfer-Operate (BTO) basis, DTAC operates with two other state enterprises, which are TOT Public Company Limited and CAT Telecom Public Company Limited (CAT)Read MoreDtac Business Analysis38437 Words   |  154 Pagestelecommunication service 800 MHz and 1800 MHz frequency bands under a concession granted by the Communications Authority of Thailand (â€Å"CAT†). In order to promote the development of telecommunication services in Thailand, Thai government allowed the private sector to participate in telecommunication market. Under the concessions on a system called Build-Transfer-Operate (BTO) basis, DTAC operates with two other state enterprises, which are TOT Public Company Limited and CAT Telecom Public Company Limited (CAT)Read MoreMarketing Management 14th Edition Test Bank Kotler Test Bank173911 Words   |  696 Pagesintermediation E) reduce privatization Answer: C Page Ref: 12 Objective: 4 AACSB: Multicultural diversity Difficulty: Moderate 39) Rising promotion costs and shrinking profit margins are the result of ________. A) new and improved technology B) disintermediation C) industry convergence D) privatization E) heightened competition Answer: E Page Ref: 12 Objective: 4 AACSB: Reflective thinking Difficulty: Moderate 40) Industry boundaries are blurring rapidly as companies

Project Report on Hero Honda - 5330 Words

A PROJECT REPORT ON SUBMITTED IN THE PARTIAL FULFILLMENT FOR THE AWARD OF THE DEGREE OF MASTER IN BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION AT CUSTOMER SATISFICATION [pic] HONDA ACTIVA SUBMITTED TO:- Prof. Rajesh Mehrotra (Director) School of Business and Management SUBMITTED BY:- ADITI GOYAL M.B.A. IV.B PREFACE I have to undergo analysis project for a particular organization in marketing research project as on subject. After doing a lot of brainstorming we chose Honda as our organization and studied it under the title of â€Å"Customer Satisfaction† of Honda. I have taking theoretical knowledge from the business school but I also required practical knowledge for getting good†¦show more content†¦It was the fourth Honda automotive venture in India. Its symbol, the Wings, represents the companys unwavering dedication in achieving goals that are unique and above all, conforming to international norms. These wings are now in India as Honda Motorcycle Scooter India Pvt. Ltd. (HMSI), a wholly owned subsidiary of Honda Motor Company Ltd., Japan. These wings are here to initiate a change and make a difference in the Indian 2-wheeler industry. Hondas dream for India is to not only manufacture 2-wheelers of global quality, but also meet and exceed the expectations of Indian customers with outstanding after sales support. |†¢ Official Name |Honda Motorcycle Scooter India Pvt. Ltd. | |†¢ Established |20th Aug, 1999 | |†¢ Place |Manesar, District Gurgaon, Haryana, India | |†¢ Investment |Rs. 300 Crore | |†¢ Representative |Mr. Shinji Aoyama, President CEO | |†¢ Factory Location |Manesar, District Gurgaon, Haryana, India | |†¢ Production Capacity |10,000,00 Units per Year | The Factory The HMSI factory is spread over 52 acres, with a covered area of about 85,815 square metres at Manesar, Gurgaon district ofShow MoreRelatedHero Honda Project Report9102 Words   |  37 PagesA PROJECT REPORT ON Marketing Strategies of HONDA Products Services SUBMITTED TO: SUBMITTEDBY: Table of Contents ââ€" ª Executive Summary ââ€" ª Company Profile ââ€" ª Organizations Philosophy ââ€" ª Objective ââ€" ª Research Methodology ââ€" ª Products Services ââ€" ª Analysis ââ€" ª Training Development for better Performance ââ€" ª Limitations ââ€" ª Recommendations ââ€" ª Conclusions ââ€" ª Bibliography ââ€" ª Annexure ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I feel great pleasure to submit this reportRead MoreProject Report of Research Methodology on Comparative Study of Bajaj V/S Hero Honda4468 Words   |  18 PagesPROJECT REPORT OF RESEARCH METHODOLOGY ON COMPARATIVE STUDY OF BAJAJ V/S HERO HONDA SUBMITED TO SUBMITED BY Prof. Neha bansal Vishal jaggi Roll No.820375073 MBA 4th Semester 1 CERTIFICATE This is to certify that Mr. Vishal jaggi has completed his project report title â€Å"Comparative Study of Bajaj V/S Hero Honda† under my supervision. 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After the split Munjal family will buy Honda Motor’sRead MoreA Study on Two Wheeler Customers Purchasing Pattern5753 Words   |  24 PagesPURCHASING PATTERN IN RELIANCE HERO MOTOR COMPANY PVT LTD A SUMMER PROJECT REPORT Submitted by in partial fulfilment of requirement for the award of the degree of MASTER OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION DEPARTMENT OF MANAGEMENT STUDIES SAVEETHA ENGINEERING COLLEGE ANNA UNIVERSITY CHENNAI 600025 AUGUST 2012 BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE Certified that this project report titled â€Å"A STUDY ON â€Å"PURCHASINGRead MoreA Study on Two Wheeler Customer’s Purchasing Pattern5745 Words   |  23 PagesWHEELER CUSTOMER’S PURCHASING PATTERN IN RELIANCE HERO MOTOR COMPANY PVT LTD A SUMMER PROJECT REPORT Submitted by in partial fulfilment of requirement for the award of the degree of MASTER OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION DEPARTMENT OF MANAGEMENT STUDIES SAVEETHA ENGINEERING COLLEGE ANNA UNIVERSITY CHENNAI 600025 AUGUST 2012 BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE Certified that this project report titled â€Å"A STUDY ON â€Å"PURCHASING BEHAVIOUR PATTERNRead MoreBajaj Pulsar Marketing Project9282 Words   |  38 PagesPROJECT REPORT ON MARKET STUDY AND ANALYSIS ON BAJAJ MOTORS - MODEL PULSAR - Submitted By PGCBM 22 - Group 63 Aashish Bansal Joseph George Phani Krishna Tanguturi Venkata Pradeep Table of Contents PROJECT REPORT ON MARKET STUDY AND ANALYSIS ON BAJAJ MOTORS - MODEL PULSAR 1 PHOENIX OF THE BAJAJ’S 4 History of Bajaj 4 Bajaj’s Experiment with Motor-Cycles 5 Pulsar’s Saga 6 Conceptualization of PulsarRead MoreAbout India Yamaha Motor Pvt. Ltd.9142 Words   |  37 Pagescustomer. If youre not used to this sort of thing it can be a pretty nerve-wracking experience. Rest assured, though, it does get easier over time. Its important to meet your customers face to face at least once or even twice during the course of a project. 2. Respond to Messages Promptly Keep Your Clients Informed This goes without saying really. We all know how annoying it is to wait days for a response to an email or phone call. It might not always be practical to deal with all customers queriesRead MoreRisk and Return Analyis and Portfolio Management of Indian Automobile Companies6774 Words   |  28 PagesPSG INSTITUTE OF MANAGEMENT FINANCIAL SYSTEMS A PROJECT REPORT On RISK AND RETURN ANALYSIS PORTFOLIO MANAGEMENT Of INDIAN AUTOMOBILE COMPANIES Submitted by, G.Abirami(9UTB02) M.Kamalam(9UTB13) N.Nirupa(9UTB18) P.Srilakshmi(9UTB32) INDEX CONTENTS PAGE NO. Acknowledgement Statement of Problem Introduction: Industry overview Company profiles Objectives Scope Limitations Literature Review Research Methodology Analysis Interpretation Findings Suggestions ConclusionRead MoreLetter Of Transmittal: Teacher,Analysis Of Pakistani Industry4727 Words   |  19 Pages Teacher, Analysis of Pakistani Industry Bahria University Karachi. Sir: We herewith present our â€Å"Term Report† authorized by you as a requirement for this course. In this report, we have tried to provide updated information and SWOT analysis of Automobile Industry. We hope we have covered all that was required for the report. If there be any clarification demanded, we would appreciate a call from you to our group members. Sincerely, Bilal Razzak MaazRead MoreManaging Service Delivery : Individual Report Essay1664 Words   |  7 Pages MANAGING SERVICE DELIVERY INDIVIDUAL REPORT Due Date: 26 June 2015 Joahnna Esguerra Lecturer Mujalni C. Karay Jr. 1. SERVICE QUALITY: It is the totality of features and characteristics of a product or service that bears on its ability to satisfy stated or implied needs. (American Society) It is the ability of a product or service to consistently meet or exceed customer expectations. Service quality is the relation of customer’s expectation with company’s performance. A company

Resource Based View of the Firm Free Essays

Design/methodology,’approach – The paper proposes a link between value theory and accountability using a Resource Value-Resource Risk perspective as an alternative to the Capital Asset Pricing Model. The link operates first from the labor process, where value is created but is imperfectly observable by intra-firm mechanisms of organizational control and outside governance arrangements without Incurring monitoring costs. Second, It operates through contractual arrangements which Impose fixed cost structures on activities with variable revenues. We will write a custom essay sample on Resource Based View of the Firm or any similar topic only for you Order Now Findings – The paper thereby explains how value originates in risky and difficult to monitor productive processes and is transmitted as rents to organizational and capital market constituents. It then reviews recent contributions to the RUB, arguing that the proposed new approach overcomes gaps inherent in the alternatives, and thus offers a more complete and integrated view of firm behavior. Originality/value – The RUB can become a coherent theory of firm behavior. If It adopts and can Integrate the labor theory of value. Associated measures of risk arising from the labor process and mechanisms of accountability. Keywords Resources, Risk management, Labor, Competitive advantage Paper type Research paper Value, profit and risk 1 . Introduction To what extent is strategy framed in accounting terms and what role do accounting numbers and techniques play in setting strategy? In both cases the answer is probably not enough, In view of the potential contribution on offer from accounting generally, and from critical accounting In particular. In recent years, the resource-based view (RUB) of the firm, has achieved widespread dissemination In academic literature and management practice (Acted et al. , 2006). It explains nominative advantage, or delivery of sustained above-normal returns (Apteral, 1993) or economic profit (Barney, 2001), in terms of firms’ bundles of resources (Amity and Shoemaker, 1993; Rumble, 1984), which are valuable, rare, inimitable and non- substitutable (FRI.) (Barney, 2001, emphasis added). A theory linking asset value and abnormal returns Is therefore The author would Like to thank participants at the European critical Accounting studies conference, multiversity AT York, 2 Institute of Chartered Accountants in Scotland, whose financial support helped develop the ideas in this paper. How to cite Resource Based View of the Firm, Papers

Internally Displaced Person free essay sample

The idea and the phenomenon of internal displacement are not recent. According to United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA) ,the Greek government argued to the United Nations (UN) General Assembly in 1949 that people displaced internally by war should have the same access to international aid as refugees, even if they did not need international protection. India and Pakistan repeated this argument after partition. Recognition of internal displacement emerged gradually through the late 1980s and became prominent on the international agenda in the 1990s. The chief reasons for this attention were the growing number of conflicts causing internal displacement after the end of the Cold War and an increasingly strict international migration regime. Although the issue of internal displacement has gained international prominence during the last fifteen years, a single definition of the term remains to be agreed upon. internally displaced persons are persons or groups of persons who have been forced or obliged to flee or to leave their homes or places of habitual residence, in particular as a result of or in order to avoid the effects of armed conflict, situations of generalized violence, violations of human rights or natural or human-made disasters, and who have not crossed an internationally recognized State border. We will write a custom essay sample on Internally Displaced Person or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page 1 While the above stresses two important elements of internal displacement it is important to note that rather than a strict definition, the Guiding Principles offer â€Å"a descriptive identification of the category of persons whose needs are the concern of the Guiding Principles†. In this way, the document â€Å"intentionally steers toward flexibility rather than legal precision as the words â€Å"in particular† indicate that the list of reasons for displacement is not exhaustive. However, as Erin Mooney has pointed out, â€Å"global statistics on internal displacement generally count only IDPs uprooted by conflict and human rights violations. Moreover, a recent study has recommended that the IDP concept should be defined even more narrowly, to be limited to persons displaced by violence. † Thus, despite the non-exhaustive reasons of internal displacement, many consider IDPs as those who would be defined as refugees if they were to cross an international border hence the term refugees in all but name is often applied to IDPs. United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs(OCHA 1999:6) Brookings-Bern Project on Internal Displacement: http://www. brook. edu/idp 1 2 2 Concept of internally displaced persons (IDPs) : When civilians cross an international frontier into a second state in an effort to escape persecution, they are generally given food and shelter by the host country, protected by international laws and legally are classified as refugees. Others in similar circumstances but who, for whatever reason, remain in their own states become IDPs with few, if any, of the safeguards and assistance afforded to refugees. They remain under the „protection? of often antagonistic governments or prey to rebel militias. 3 They are individuals or groups of people who have been forced to flee their homes to escape armed conflict, generalized violence and human rights abuses. Millions of other civilians who have survived natural disasters such as floods are also generally classified as IDPs. Who is an internally displaced person? IDP) There is no legal definition as there is for a refugee. However, a United Nations report, Guiding Principles on Internal Displacement uses the definition: Internally displaced persons are persons or groups of persons who have been forced or obliged to flee or to leave their homes or places of habitual residence, in particular as a result of or in order to avoid the effects of armed conflict, situation s of generalized violence, violations of human rights or natural or human-made disasters, and who have not crossed an internationally recognized State border. 4 Components of the IDP definition The definition provided by the Guiding Principles on Internal Displacement highlights two elements: 3 4 www. unhcr. org/internallydisplacedpeople United Nations report of Guiding Principles on Internal Displacement, Introduction, Para 2 3 1) The coercive or otherwise involuntary character of movement. 2) The fact that such movement takes place within national borders. Refugee vs. IDPs Both groups often leave their homes for similar reasons. Civilians are recognized as „refugees? hen they cross an international frontier to seek sanctuary in another country. The internally displaced, for whatever reason, remain in their own states. Newly arrived refugees normally receive food, shelter and a place of safety from the host country. A well-defined body of international laws and conventions pr otects them. The UN refugee agency and other humanitarian organizations work within this legal framework to help refugees restart their lives in a new state or eventually return home. On the other hand, the internally displaced often face a more difficult future. They may be trapped in an ongoing internal conflict. The domestic government, which may view the uprooted people as „enemies of the state,? retains ultimate control of their fate. There are no specific international legal instruments covering the internally displaced, and general agreements such as the Geneva Conventions are often difficult to apply. Donors are sometimes unwilling to interfere in internal conflicts or offer sustained assistance. There has been some debate surrounding whether IDPs and refugees should be grouped as a single category, and consequently whether the challenges caused by them should be handled by the same institution(s). This argument was first raised in the pages of 1998 and 1999 editions of Forced Migration Review (FMR) 5 . Barutciski argued that the attempts by some human rights advocates to extend the protection of refugees to the 5 http://www. brook. edu/idp,Barutciski 1998 and 1999, Bennett 1999, Kingsley-Nyinah 1999, Rutinwa 1999, Vincent 1999 4 nternally displaced may be counter-productive, as it would be detrimental to the traditional asylum option and could possibly increase containment. The discussion was revitalized in 2001, when the then US Ambassador to the UN, Richard Holbrooke, following a visit to Angola, argued that the bureaucratic distinction between refugees and IDPs was negatively affecting the lives of millions of IDPs. 6 Causes of internal displacement: Armed conflicts: Inte rnational armed – it should be noted that wars of national liberation have been classified as international armed conflicts –non-international conflicts Situations of violence, falling short of armed conflicts: Many IDPs live in situations of internal tensions or disturbances. The terms â€Å"internal tensions and disturbances† refer to situations which fall short of armed conflict, but involve the use of force and other repressive measures by Training on the Protection of IDPs. Examples of tensions and disturbances include riots, such as demonstrations without a concerted plan from the outset, isolated sporadic acts of violence, as opposed to military operations carried out by armed forces or armed groups, and violent ethnic onflicts not amounting to full armed conflict. Violations of human rights: They include government transgressions of the rights guaranteed by national, regional and international human rights law, and acts and omissions directly attributable to the state involving the failure to implement legal obligations from human rights standards. One could argue that the concept of â€Å"persecution†, usually used in the context of refugee movements, coincides at least partly 6 http://www. brook. edu/idp,Borton et al. 2005, Holbrooke 2000, OCHA 2003 5 ith situations of human rights violations: threat to life or freedom because of race, religion, nationality, political opinion or membership of a particular social group. Other serious human rights violations, for the same reasons, would also constitute persecution Disasters: These have natural or human-made origins. Examples include droughts, floods, earthquakes or typhoons, nuclear disasters or famine. Victims of disasters are covered by the definition, as they too might become victims of discrimination and other human rights violations because of their displacement. Natural or man-made disasters are also included because in some disasters governments respond by discriminating against or neglecting certain groups of victims on political or ethnic grounds or by violating their rights in other ways. Other: Other possible causes of internal Displacement can for instance include largescale development projects such as dams built without any government attempt to resettle or compensate those displaced. The definition does not encompass persons who migrate for economic reasons. However, persons forced to flee from their homes because of economic injustice and marginalization tantamount to systematic violations of economic rights would come under the definition. Behind economic measures, affecting a person? s livelihood there may be racial, religious or political aims or intentions directed against a particular group. IDP populations It is very difficult to get accurate figures for IDPs because populations are constantly fluctuating: some IDPs may be returning home while others are fleeing, others may periodically return to IDP camps to take advantage of humanitarian aid. While the case of IDPs in large camps such as those in Darfur, western Sudan, are relatively well-reported, it is very difficult to assess those IDPs who flee to larger towns and cities. It is necessary 6 in many instances to supplement official figures with additional information obtained from operational humanitarian organizations on the ground. Thus, the 30 million figure must be treated as an estimate. Countries with significant IDP populations: Country Azerbaijan Afghanistan IDP Population 600,000 132,000-200,000 Reason Nagorno-Karabakh War. Fighting between NATO and Taliban-allied fighters. Myanmar 503,000 Internal conflict in Myanmar and government repression of ethnic minorities as well as Cyclone Nargis. The 2003 coup detat and the subsequent civil war The Central African Republic 197,000 Chad Colombia 178,000 The proximity to Darfur and the civil war in eastern Chad The war between the government, the FARC, the AUC and other armed groups The Second Congo War, mostly in the eastern provinces. over 2 million The Democratic Republic of 1,5 million Congo Cyprus 210,000 Intercommoned troubles of 1964 and the 1974 Turkish invasion and 7 their aftermaths. Georgia 220,000 300,000 Displacement of the ethnic Georgian population who have fled Abkhazia and South Ossetia The January 2010 Haiti earthquake. Haiti 1. 5 million Iraq 2. 5 million Forced displacement during Saddam Husseins regime, and fighting between the Multi-National Force and Iraqi insurgent groups Kasmir and other internal conflict. India About 150,000 Indonesia 200,000 350,000 Fighting between the government and secessionist rebel movements. Displaced Bedouins, most of whom are Arab citizens of Israel The violence that rocked the country after the 2007 elections. Israel Kenya 10,000 250,000 Mexico 25,000 1. 6 million The war on drugs. Palestinian territories 150,000 -420,000 Pakistan 400,000 Philippines about 300,000 Ongoing conflicts in three regions of Pakistan Fighting between the government and communist and Islamic rebels. Uncertainty Somalia 1 million Civil war 8 Sri Lanka Sudan 250,000 300,000 5 6 million Fighting between LTTE and Sri Lanka Army Decades of civil war in the south and the Darfur conflict in the west. Uganda 869,000 Zimbabwe 560,000 960,000 The insurgency of the Lords Resistance Army Political violence, economic collapse of the country. Internally displaced people in south Asia: South Asia is one of the most conflict-prone regions in the world and internal displacement is a fact of life. In the past year, South Asians have had to face up to a longstanding reality that thousands of people are displaced within their country because of circumstances they cannot control as a consequence of an upsurge of fighting in two conflicts, the Sri Lankan Army? campaign against Tiger strongholds and the Pakistan Army? s campaign against the Taliban. 7 IDPs in South Asia Country Bangladesh India Nepal Pakistan Sri Lanka 7 Estimate 60,000-500,000 500,000 -800,000 50,000-70,000 1. 25 million Over 500,000 Swarna Rajagopalan: Gender Violence, Conflict, Internal Displacement And Peacebuilding Peace Prints: South Asian Journal of Peacebuilding, Vol. 3, No. 1: Spring 2010 9 Background study: The Intern al Displacement Monitoring Centre estimates that at least 30 million people were displaced at the end of 2012. South Asia alone has around 3. 5 million of these. The numbers are also likely to be much higher in reality. Typically news reports cover flight after conflict or disasters. Displacement as a result of development projects whether it is infrastructure construction like roads or dams or the purchase of land for setting up special economic zones, is largely undocumented. 8 It is important to note that they do not cross a border; there are no international treaties or conventions that protect IDPs. Moreover, international organizations working with other displaced populations are at a disadvantage working to provide for the needs of the internally displaced. The Guiding Principles on Internal Displacement are not legally binding and states may or may not use them as a reference point in framing their own policies and actions. In the absence of laws or frameworks based on the Guiding Principles, the internally displaced are by and large not recognised as a population with special needs. Causes and consequence: Discrimination against minorities, religious and ethnic hatred, state repression, demands for self-determination, famines, floods and Ill-conceived development projects have contributed to massive internal displacement in South Asia. For the most part victims are unable to cross borders and are forced to live within a regime that created the occasion for their displacement in the first place. All South Asian states consider internal displacement to be an internal matter. National policies emphasize welfare and do not recognise the rights set out in the Guiding Principles. There is little Acknowledgement that IDPs are citizens – with the concomitant entitlements that citizenship brings. In no 8 Internal Displacement Monitoring Centre, Global statistics: IDP country figures, 2012, http://www. nternaldisplacement. org/8025708F004CE90B 10 state in South Asia is land recognised as a fundamental right, thus making it very easy to displace people. Policies which were intended to be pro-poor today work in favour of the rich and the powerful. Policymakers and the general public only became aware of the extent of internal displacement in South Asia in the 1990s. As internal displacement accelerated, governments acro ss South Asia established national human rights commissions but their mandates were limited. India, Nepal, Bangladesh, Pakistan, Sri Lanka have tried to develop national IDP mechanisms. However, policies are not sensitive to the needs of all the disadvantaged sections of the population and often selectively benefit favored groups of IDPs. IDPs in Bangladesh: Bangladesh has witnessed a rapid growth in the number of IDPs over the last forty two years after achieving victory in the liberation war of 1971. It is often said that the state of Bangladesh was born with displaced people. Almost one third of the population was dislocated during the liberation war. However, the processes through which internally displaced people are generated have become much more diversified and complex over these years. Due to environmental crisis,ethnic conflict, even economic or political reasons people found themselves to be displaced Categories The categories of IDPs refer to the Causes of displacement. There is no clear and recent information on the current scale of internal displacement in Bangladesh but numerous reports suggest that there are many reasons for displacement. One of them appears to be poor management of the over-population of the plains, lack of enforcement of laws, environmental pollution, lack of moderation and compromise between majorities and minorities. 9 9 The Internally Displaced People of Bangladesh: A Background Paper Mohammad Sajjadur Rahman ¦ 11 ? ? ? ? Displacement due to change Climates Displacement due to Conflict Displacement due to communal violence Displacement due to the Vested Property act Now Bangladesh needs to recognize the severity of the crisis associated with IDPs. There is a lack of understanding regarding the special needs of such category of people. Therefore, concerted effort is needed from the government as well as civil society and media to comprehend the problems of IDPs and to find alternative ways to provide sufficient assistance to the most affected. IDPs in India: Ever since independence in 1947 the Indian state has been committed to an ideology of „development? and „modernisation? which has led to state-led construction of dams, transport links and urban infrastructure. Soon agitations spread to urban renewal schemes, highway making, steel plants, mining and the ecological ravages of the prawn industry. Significant numbers of Indians have also been displaced by conflict. Lack of regional or national mechanisms has meant that different groups of IDPs are treated differently according to which Indian state they live in and their caste/ethnic status. Kashmiri Pundits – the estimated 350,000 Hindus displaced as a result of the ongoing conflict in the Kashmir Valley – receive assistance of around $40/month while the 300,000 IDPs displaced in northeastern India – including Santhals and members of other adivasi („scheduled/ tribal? ) communities – get almost nothing. Many continue to live in makeshift camps, unable to access health and education services, effectively abandoned by the government. Adivasis – around 7. 5% of India? s population – are a disproportionate segment of India? s IDP population. They make up 40% of the estimated 33 million people displaced by development projects. 10 10 Mahanirban Calcutta Research Group (www. mcrg. ac. in) 12 Approach to overcome: Discussion of a draft IDP policy continued for two decades and it was only in 2004 that a National Rehabilitation Policy for Project Affected Families (NPRR) was passed with minimal debate. NPPR only applies to those displaced due to development projects and is primarily meant to safeguard the interests of resource-poor landless agricultural laborers, forest dwellers, artisans and advisory groups. IDPs in Srilanka: By 1995, the number of people internally displaced by the Tamil- Sinhalese conflict in Sri Lanka had topped a million. A ceasefire in 2002 saw the number of IDPs decline but the tsunami on 26 December 2004 and the resumption of hostilities between the Sri Lankan government and the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Elam (LTTE) have led to new displacement. The Internal Displacement Monitoring Centre (IDMC) estimates that 200,000 people have been displaced since January 2006 and that IDP numbers are again in excess of half a million. Approach: Throughout the conflict no ministry has had overall responsibility for IDP welfare and there are no comprehensive policies or guidelines on displacement. A range of departments, ministries and aid agencies have taken responsibility for relief, protection and assistance. Administrative practices have been subject to whimsical changes and food entitlements have often been arbitrarily cut. In June 2002 the government adopted a National Framework for Relief, Rehabilitation and Reconciliation to provide a common strategy for needs assessment, planning and delivery of assistance. 13 Displaced tsunami survivors have been more successful in accessing resources. Houses, albeit of poor quality, were built in record time and compensation payments made. Conflict-affected IDPs were upset by the differential treatment, especially as their monthly food rations were less than those given to tsunami survivors. UNHCR officials are aware of discrepancy of provision but there is little they can do. Tough times lie ahead for Sri Lanka? s war-affected IDPs. IDPs in Nepal: It is estimated that up to 200,000 people have been internally displaced in Nepal by ten years of war, which has claimed more than 13,000 lives and affected all districts of the country. The war has also thrown hundreds of thousands of people onto the road to India – a traditional migration route for Nepalese. The government announced policies for IDPs in 1999 and made local civil servants responsible for registering displaced people. However, hardly any did so. No accurate displacement figures are available since movements have not been monitored and no comprehensive registration has taken place. As a consequence of a biased governmental IDP definition, the majority of IDPs have been excluded from assistance and the „IDP? term has become a pejorative label designating a small group of displaced closely linked to the state. This makes future registrations as well as assessments of the scope of displacement very difficult. Hardly any IDPs have returned home, despite the ceasefire and conclusion of a peace agreement in November 2006. Plans to provide fertilisers, seeds, health care, food for work, security and temporary shelter have been half-hearted. 11 11 www. internal-displacement. org 14 The way forward South Asia needs a paradigm shift. Programmes for rehabilitation and care for IDPs must fall within the framework of rights and justice, not those of humanitarian needs and welfare. Governments have to recognise that they cannot give aid to one group of IDPs and deny it to others. They need to acknowledge the reality that the bulk of conflictor development-induced IDPs are adivasi, lower caste, rural and urban poor and/or women. Although national policies on IDPs are flawed, it must be acknowledged that governments are belatedly developing IDP policies as a result of popular activism, research and the work of national human rights commissions. These are moves in the right direction. In West Bengal, a self-avowed leftist state in India, recent activism by potential IDP and civil society partners has forced the state government to rethink the process of acquiring agricultural land for industry and to engage in dialogue with the people who are to be displaced concerning compensation for lost land. Unless the situation of IDPs is addressed and justice achieved, there will be no lasting peace in South Asia. 12 The rights of internally displaced persons IDPs are entitled to enjoy, equally and without discrimination, the same rights and freedoms under international and national law as do other persons in their country. International law does not specifically address the plight of IDPs, but this does not mean that they are not protected under the law. In fact, the following three bodies of law provide a comprehensive legal framework for protection in all situations of internal displacement, including during armed conflict: ? International human rights law; ? International humanitarian law; and ? International criminal law. 12 IDP protection at the national level in South Asia by Paula Banerjee([emailprotected] ac. in) 15 IDPs are entitled to enjoy, equally and without discrimination, the same rights and freedoms under international and domestic law as do other persons in their country. As citizens or habitual residents1 of their country, IDPs remain entitled to full and equal protection under the State? s national law, which should be compatible with the State? s obligations under international law. The challenge for international agencies, NGOs, and States has been to identify the rights and guarantees dispersed in the rich body of international law that respond to the particular needs and protection risks that arise during displacement. A global advocate for IDPs: The Representative of the Secretary-General on the Human Rights of Internally Displaced Persons, who reports to the United Nations Human Rights Council and United Nations General Assembly, engages in dialogue and advocacy with governments and other actors concerning the rights of IDPs, and works to strengthen the international response to internal displacement. Activities include:13 ? promoting the rights of IDPs as articulated in the Guiding Principles on Internal Displacement; ? engaging governments and other actors on specific situations of internal displacement and the human rights of IDPs, including by undertaking country visits; and ? sponsoring national and regional seminars and undertaking research on issues related to internal displacement. 13 http://ap. ohchr. org/documents/dpage_e. aspx? m=71 16 Guiding Principles on Internal Displacement In the 1990s the need for international standards for the protection of internally displaced persons (IDPs) became apparent when the number of people uprooted within their own countries began to soar. Concern over the vulnerability of IDPs led the UN Commission on Human Rights to ask the Representative on IDPs, Francis Deng, to examine the extent to which existing international law provides adequate coverage for IDPs (1992), and to develop an an appropriate framework for IDPs (1996). Accordingly, the Representative, with the support of a team of international legal experts, formulated the Guiding Principles on Internal Displacement, which were presented to the Commission in 1998. 14 Content In line with international human rights and humanitarian law, and with refugee law by analogy, the 30 principles set out the rights and guarantees relevant to the protection of IDPs in all phases of displacement, providing protection against arbitrary displacement; protection and assistance during displacement; and during return or internal resettlement and reintegration. The principles provide guidance to all relevant factors: the Representative in carrying out his mandate; states when faced with the phenomenon of internal displacement; all other authorities (including de facto authorities), groups and persons in their relations with IDPs; and inter-governmental and non-governmental organizations. The principles establish that IDPs must not be discriminated against simply because of their displacement, or because of their race, sex, language, religion, social origin or other similar factors. 4 http://www. brookings. edu/fp/projects/idp/resources/gpsenglish. pdf 17 The principles restate the right not to be arbitrarily displaced and prohibit displacement on ethnic, religious or racial grounds. The principles reaffirm that national authorities have the obligation to ensure that IDPs basic rights to food, water, shelter, dignity and safety are met. They should accept the assistance of the international community where they do not have the capacity to pr ovide assistance and protection to IDPs. IDPs have also the right to seek asylum in another country. In the return phase, the principles emphasize the importance of voluntary and safe return, as well as the need to assist the displaced to recover their property and possessions. Solution to IDPs Adapting national policies and legislation to the UN Guiding Principles on Internal Displacement. The Guiding Principles are based on existing human rights and humanitarian law treaties and conventions. Most countries with an IDP population have ratified them and are therefore bound to respect the rights and freedoms contained therein. Standards provided under the Guiding Principles mostly specify provisions of such treaties and conventions to adapt them to the problems faced by IDPs. Hence, the Guiding Principles should be understood not as a layer of completely new international obligations but as a tool to facilitate the application of existing international legal standards. The potential benefits for a nation state of including the Guiding Principles in national legislation are: 18 ? bringing international legal principles closer to ordinary citizens: national law can be invoked more easily than the abstract instruments of international human rights law ? providing for a higher degree of legal certainty and for an environment where „justice is seen to be done? ? clearly demonstrating to the international community a commitment to apply the highest possible standards and to take national ownership of the process ? ncouraging the international community to provide support and assistance for the state? s engagement in protecting the rights of the displaced There is, therefore, no reason why the inclusion of the Guiding Principles into national policies or legislation should not become a standard procedure for all countries with an IDP situation. Conclusion The Guiding Principles have moved beyond an advocacy tool to attract the attention of donors to wards a common platform for national and international action taken on behalf of the internally displaced. However, cultural differences, divergent perceptions of human rights policy and implementation mechanisms, historic backgrounds, conflict and natural disasters are among the factors that could thwart further progress. The establishment of IDP policies or legislation must therefore be seen as complementing efforts by governments and the international community to establish effective parameters for addressing country-specific political, legal and economic aspects. 19